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Methodology & Assumptions
The Net Income Change Calculator (NICC) calculates a family's net income at 5 different earnings
levels. The user specifies the starting earnings level and how much the earnings should change. The user
also specifies all other key characteristics of the family. NICC applies the tax and benefit rules used
in each program and each state and displays the results in both tabular and graphical form. The tax
and benefit rules used in the calculations are the rules that were in place in 2016; that is the
most recent year for which a full set of policy details (including state-level details for state income
taxes and other programs with extensive state-level variation) was available.
Tax and Transfer Programs Analyzed by NICC
The tax and public assistance programs analyzed by NICC include:
- Federal income taxes
- State income taxes
- Payroll taxes (Social Security and Medicare taxes paid by the employee)
- Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
- Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly the Food Stamp Program)
- Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
- Public or subsidized housing
- Subsidized child care through the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF)
- Medicaid
- CHIP
NICC also captures the impact of child support income on the financial consequences of an increase in
earnings, and it captures the impact of child care expenses even for families not receiving a
CCDF-funded child care subsidy.
Information about Earnings and Changes in Earnings
The user decides how earnings will change--due to a change in hours of work per week or due to a change
in the hourly wage. (In some benefit programs, the hours of work per week can affect eligibility.) The
user chooses only one of these factors to change; the other is held constant across up to five
scenarios.
If a user tests a two-adult family, the user selects whether it is the man's or woman's earnings
that will increase across the scenarios; if the user chooses that both members of the couple are
employed, only the earnings or hours of the designated person will change.
For either hours per week or hourly wage (whichever the user varies), the user sets the lowest value to
be tested and the increment to be tested. NICC applies that increment up to 4 times to create up to 5
scenarios to be tested. For instance, the user may want to start with a parent working 0 hours per week
and increase by 10 hours in each scenario--resulting in scenarios of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 hours per
week. The user gives a fixed value for whatever aspect of earnings is not being varied. For instance, if
the user is testing the impact of increased hours of work, the user selects the hourly wage that will be
used in all the scenarios. Results will only be displayed for scenarios where hours per week are <=60
and hourly earnings are <=$20.
Other Information the User Can Enter About the Family
The user defines the other key characteristics of the family, as follows:
Family structure information provided by the user:
- Type of family--single parent, married couple, unmarried couple
- Number of children (up to 5), and their ages (up to age 17)
- When the family is headed by a couple, whether the children are the children of just the woman or of
both the man and the woman.
Other financial information provided by the user:
- Child support income paid on behalf of the children during the month
- Total (pre-subsidy) cost of child care used by the family during the month
- Value of financial assets (not including a vehicle); separate values can be given for the man and
woman in the case of a two-adult family
- Value of vehicles (assuming each adult has no more than one car, and owns it in full); separate
values can be given for the man and the woman in a two-adult family
- Total monthly rent (before any subsidy)
Program participation data provided by the user:
- For each assistance program, whether eligible individuals receive benefits from that program. Even
if a family is eligible for benefits from a transfer program, it may not provide them with benefits
for several reasons: (1) for programs that are not entitlements, funds may be exhausted or extremely
limited (for example, in many cities there are long waiting lists for subsidized housing); and (2)
families may not apply for benefits because they do not want to be dependent on government aid, do
not wish to comply with the program rules, feel the benefit received would be relatively small, or
may be unaware of the existence of certain programs. Very few low-income families actually
participate in all the programs for which they are eligible.
Under some circumstances, the user is asked to enter additional information to correctly calculate TANF
benefits.
- The number of months (up to 23) that the family has combined work and TANF
- In the case of a two-adult family in which the man is not the father of the children, NICC allows
the user to decide if the man would choose to be included in the TANF unit in a state that provides
such an option to stepparents and/or non-parent cohabiters.
Finally, in the case of an unmarried-couple family with children who are the children of both the man and
the woman, the user is asked an additional question.
- If it is the father or the mother who claims the children on their tax return, for all purposes
(dependency, Earned Income Tax Credit, Child Tax Credit). (See Endnote 1.)
NICC assumes that the level of earnings does not cause any change in the characteristics entered by the
user, with the possible exception of the cost of child care. When the user chooses to vary a worker's
hours per week across the five scenarios, the user can indicate the lowest number of hours at which paid
child care is required and the total cost at both that number of hours and the maximum number of hours.
For example, if the user is testing a single mother's income at hours per week of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40,
the user might indicate that the mother first needs paid child care at 20 hours per week, and that the
total cost of child care is $200 per month at 20 hours per week but $400 per month at 40 hours per week.
NICC interpolates between the high and low values to derive total child care cost figures for the
intermediate hours levels.
If the user indicates that an eligible family chooses to participate in a particular program, the family
will participate whenever eligible regardless of earnings level. In other words, even if the family is
eligible for a high benefit in the first (lowest-earnings) scenario and eligible for a much lower
benefit in the last (highest-earnings) scenario, the family will participate in all of the scenarios if
the user has chosen that the family will participate in that program, as long as the family is eligible
for any positive benefit. Note, however, that the family may stop being eligible for a program due to
increased earnings.
Assumptions for Characteristics Not Entered by the User
The Calculator makes numerous assumptions about characteristics that are not entered by the user.
Assumptions about location and housing:
- The family lives in the largest county in the state. (Some TANF and CCDF rules vary across counties,
and the fair market rents that help determine the value of a family's housing benefit vary by
county.)
- There are no other people in the household other than the one or two adults and the number of
children specified by the user.
- The family either rents their home or lives rent-free; they do not own a home. (Note, however, that
the state income tax calculations do not include the renters' credits that reduce tax liability
for some renters in some states.)
- The rent amount includes utilities.
- The number of bedrooms in the home (needed to estimate the value of a housing subsidy) is estimated
from family composition. If the user specifies no children or one child, the family is assumed to
need a 1-bedroom apartment; a family with 2 or 3 children is assumed to need a 2-bedroom apartment;
a family with 4 or 5 children is assumed to need a 3-bedroom apartment. (Note that guidelines used
by housing programs may assume that one person uses the living room as sleeping quarters.)
- The family has a telephone.
Assumptions about the adults:
- Adults are between the ages of 25 and 50. (Non-parent adults must be age 25 or older in order to
receive the EITC.)
- In a family with children, the woman is the biological mother of the children. (NICC does not
currently model families in which children live with a grandparent or other non-parent caretaker.)
- The woman is not pregnant.
- No adult has a disability.
- No adult is a member of the Armed Forces.
- All people in the household are citizens of the United States.
- Any adult who is working is working for an employer (rather than being self-employed) and is covered
by FICA taxes.
- A non-working adult is looking for work.
- Adults are fully compliant with all program requirements for all programs in which they
participate. (Therefore, no benefits are affected by sanctions.)
- If the woman and man are cohabiting, they report the cohabitation to all programs.
- The family does not have any income other than the earnings or child support entered by the user.
(NICC assumes that any financial assets are in non-interest-bearing accounts.)
- Working adults do not obtain health insurance for either themselves or their children through their
employer.
Assumptions about children:
- No child has a disability or any special needs
- School-age children are attending school
- Children have no income or assets independent of their parents
- No adult has any children living elsewhere.
Assumptions about annual income:
- The monthly income information entered by the user is assumed to be constant across the calendar
year. (Annual data is needed for income tax computations and for the computation of modified
adjusted gross income (MAGI) for purposes of Medicaid eligibility.)
Assumptions for Calculating Taxes and Transfers
The calculations of each family's taxes and transfer benefits, at each income level take into account
all of the information entered by the user as well as detailed federal and state policies and
interactions across programs. Some additional assumptions are required for the calculation of federal
and state income taxes, TANF, SNAP, WIC, public or subsidized housing, and CCDF-funded child care
subsidies.
Federal and state income taxes:
- Married couples file a joint return.
- In a one-adult family, the adult files a single return if there are no children or a
head-of-household return if there are children.
- In an unmarried couple, each adult files a separate return, and neither claims the other as a
dependent. If there are no children, each files a single return. If there are children who are the
children of both adults, the adult selected by the user to claim the children files a
head-of-household return and the other adult files a single return. If the children are the children
of only the woman, she files a head-of-household return and the man files a single return. (See Endnote 1 for more information.)
- All individuals take all tax credits and deductions to which they are entitled.
- No adults are dependents of anyone else.
- All tax units take the standard deduction. (In other words, NICC assumes that no tax units have
sufficient deductions to itemize.)
- No adult contributes to an Individual Retirement Account (IRA) or has other adjustments to their
income.
- No child is claimed on the tax return of any adult living elsewhere.
- No earnings are in a tax-free account such as a Medical Savings Account or a Flexible Savings
Account.
- We do not model property tax credits or renters' credits.
- In the simulation of federal income taxes, no tax units are modeled as owing a shared
responsibility payment due to a lack of minimum essential health coverage. (These payments were in
effect in 2016, the focus year of this version of NICC.) For tax units with members not covered by
Medicaid or CHIP, we assume that they either have other coverage or that they qualify for an
exemption from the payment.
Also, note that local (county and/or city) taxes are not included in NICC's calculations.
TANF eligibility:
- The family is considered a recipient (not an applicant) for determining eligibility and benefits.
(Some states have somewhat different eligibility or benefit computation policies for families
already receiving benefits vs. those newly applying for benefits.)
- The family has not received TANF long enough to be affected by any state or federal time limit. (See
Endnote 2.)
- None of the children in the family was conceived after the family began receiving TANF, so no
children are subject to a “family cap” in any state. (See Endnote 2.)
- Married couples have been married for more than 6 months. (Newly-married couples receive more
generous treatment in some states.)
- In Wisconsin, adults who are not working are assumed to be "not job ready" and receiving a cash
benefit through the W-2 program; adults who are working are considered job-ready for unsubsidized
employment and therefore not receiving a cash benefit from TANF.
- NICC's TANF estimates include the cash aid to families that would be paid either through a state's
federal TANF funds, the state's "state separate program" (SSP) funds, or a state's "solely
state funded" (SSF) program.
- The calculations do not include transitional cash aid, paid in some states to families that have
recently stopped receiving TANF.
Choice between TANF or child support:
- If the amount of child support that would be retained by the state exceeds the amount of TANF that a
family would receive, the family is assumed to not participate in TANF in order to receive the full
amount of child support paid by the non-custodial parent. (A family's real-world decision might
also consider factors such as TANF activity requirements, the likely regularity of the child support
income, and whether TANF enrollment confers eligibility for other benefits or services).
SNAP eligibility and benefit computation:
- When a man is living with a woman and children, he is assumed to purchase and prepare meals with the
woman and children, and to apply for SNAP as part of the same assistance unit as the woman and
children, regardless of whether or not he is the father of the children.
- As mentioned earlier, NICC assumes that families' rent payments include their utilities; thus
they are not eligible for a separate standard utility allowance.
- As mentioned earlier, NICC assumes that the family has a telephone; thus, they are eligible for a
telephone allowance.
- NICC assumes that a childless non-working adult who might otherwise be ineligible for SNAP under the
special rules for "ABAWDs" (able bodied adults without dependents) is nevertheless
eligible for SNAP, either because s/he lives in an area that is exempt from the limits due to high
unemployment, or because s/he has not yet exhausted his/her available months of benefits. (See Endnote 3).
WIC eligibility and the value of WIC enrollment:
- WIC eligibility is assessed using the current month's income and program participation; some
families shown as ineligible could be eligible based on a “certification period” that
began in a prior month.
- All women, infants, and children who are eligible for WIC based on their income or program
participation are assumed to be at nutritional risk.
- All mothers of infants are assumed to be partially breastfeeding their infants. Therefore, the
mother is potentially eligible for WIC throughout the baby's first year, while the infant's
WIC benefit still includes formula.
CCDF eligibility and benefits:
- The family is considered a recipient (not an applicant) for determining CCDF eligibility and
copayments. (Some states have a higher eligibility threshold for families already receiving
subsidies vs. those newly applying for benefits.)
- A non-parent cohabiter is never considered to be a member of the assistance unit for determining
CCDF eligibility and copayments, and a stepparent is treated the same as a biological parent. (Under
actual 2016 policies, some states may consider a non-parent cohabiter in determining family size
and/or income. Also, New Jersey includes step-parents only if they are legally responsible for the
children, and Pennsylvania provides an additional income deduction for stepparents.)
- When copayments or maximum reimbursement rates vary by the number of hours that a child is in care,
NICC assumes that a parent commutes for a total of one hour per day, and assumes that the parent of
a school-age child works primarily while the child is in school.
- If a family receives a CCDF subsidy but the user has entered a total cost of child care exceeding
the state's maximum reimbursement rate for center-based child care, NICC shows the excess as
part of the family's child care expense, in addition to any copayment. (See Endnote
5.)
- NICC assumes that unemployed parents have exhausted any eligibility for CCDF based on job search.
(Some states allow limited CCDF eligibility for job search.)
Public and subsidized housing:
- If the user indicates that the family lives in public or subsidized housing, NICC assumes that the
family first obtained the subsidy when their income was below the income limit in their area. A
family shown as having a positive housing subsidy value at a particular earnings level would not
necessarily be able to obtain public or subsidized housing as a new applicant.
- NICC does not allow a user to select public or subsidized housing as a benefit for a childless
individual or couple. While some childless individuals/couples who are under age 65 and have no
disabilities do reside in public or subsidized housing, many of them formerly had children living at
home. Individuals who apply for housing help who are childless, under age 65, and without any
disability are unlikely to obtain a public or subsidized unit, although such help is possible.
Medicaid/CHIP:
- NICC calculates if individuals are eligible for comprehensive (sometimes called "full-scope")
Medicaid or CHIP coverage. NICC does not include eligibility for partial or limited Medicaid
coverage, which may have fewer benefits, higher cost-sharing requirements, and/or enrollment caps.
- In families with two unmarried parents, each parent's family size for purposes of computing her or
his modified gross income as a percentage of poverty depends in part on the user’s choice of which
parent claims the children for tax purposes, and also depends on whether each parent is required to
file a tax return.
- In states that provide Medicaid coverage to some subgroups of people who are "medically needy"
(their income after their medical bills is below a state-established limit), NICC assumes that no
families have medical expenses high enough to trigger this type of eligibility.
- NICC does not currently model the fact that, in some states, if both parents in a two-parent family
are working more than a certain number of hours, the parents are not eligible to qualify for
Medicaid through the pathway for parents/caretakers.
- Individuals not eligible for Medicaid/CHIP may qualify for other types of subsidized health
insurance coverage, such as premium tax credits for Marketplace (or exchange) coverage, but this
eligibility is not assessed in NICC.
The Computer Program Performing the Calculations
The computer program performing the calculations is a modified version of the Transfer Income Model,
version 3 (TRIM3). TRIM3 has been developed and maintained at the Urban Institute since the early 1970s,
with primary funding from the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of the Assistant
Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. TRIM3 is a comprehensive microsimulation model of the tax,
transfer, and health programs affecting U.S. households. The model is primarily applied to large survey
databases (most often, the Current Population Survey).
Using the information about the hypothetical family entered by the user, NICC creates a small database
that can be processed by a special version of TRIM3. TRIM3 simulates the tax programs and the selected
transfer programs under up to five earnings levels and returns the results to the NICC interface for
display to the user. For more information on TRIM3, including the steps in the calculations for each tax
and transfer program, see the TRIM3 project's website: trim3.urban.org.
The Tax and Transfer Rules Used in NICC
NICC uses the tax and benefit rules that were in place as of 2016. In cases when a program's rules
changed during the calendar year, the rules that are used are those that were in place for either the
majority of the year or a particular point during the year.
NICC uses rules obtained from the following sources:
- Federal income tax liability: Federal 1040 form and instruction booklet. (See Endnote
4).
- State income tax liability: State tax forms and instruction booklets and Jon Bakija, Williams
College. (See Endnote 4).
- TANF: The rules were obtained from the July 2016 data in the Urban Institute's Welfare Rules
Database (WRD), funded by the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) within HHS. (See
Giannarelli, Heffernan, Minton, Thompson, and Stevens, 2017.) When rules vary across area of the
state, the rules for the most populous city/county are used Click here for more
information.
- SNAP (Food Stamps): Federally-established rules are the rules as of July 2016, primarily obtained
from the FNS website and other federal sources. Some state-specific policies are taken from a
publication of the Food and Nutrition Service detailing states' optional policy choices (see FNS
2017). In some cases, states' websites or caseworker manuals were consulted to confirm vehicle asset
exemption policies.
- WIC: Eligibility rules are from the FNS website and regulations. The value of WIC benefits uses the
state-level average value per person-month in 2016, adjusted using the most recently-available data
on relative food costs for each category of recipient (women, infants, and children). The value of
an infant's WIC benefit is intended to capture the full value of the infant formula (not the
discounted amount negotiated between the manufacturer and the WIC program).
- Public and subsidized housing: Rules for computing the family's rental payment are from federal
regulations. Fair market rents (used to estimate the value of the subsidy) are the 2016 fair market
rents for the largest county in each state. Click here for a list
of those counties.
- CCDF-funded child care subsidies: Eligibility and copayment rules are from information in the CCDF
Policies Database, funded by HHS/ACF. (See Minton, Blatt, Tran, Stevens, and Giannarelli, 2017.)
When rules vary across regions of the state, the rules for the most populous area are used. Click here for more
information.
- Medicaid and CHIP: 2016 and 2019 eligibility rules are obtained primarily from publications
available from the Kaiser Family Foundation, based on 50-state surveys. (See Brooks, Miskell,
Artiga, Cornachione, and Gates, 2016 for 2016 policies; see Brooks, Roygardner, and Artiga, 2019,
for 2019 policies.) State websites or caseworker manuals were consulted in some cases, as needed.
For an overview of key rules of the tax and transfer programs, click here.
For an overview of key interactions across transfer programs, click here. These interactions can result in a
range of secondary impacts, in addition to the direct impact of a change in earnings or family
characteristics.
NICC's Definition of Net Income
NICC defines monthly net income as follows:
Amounts that are either 0 or positive (increasing income)
- Earnings:
Monthly earnings received by the family. Earnings may be $0 or positive in the first
scenario, and will always be positive in the other scenarios
- Child support income:
Monthly amount of child support paid by a non-custodial parent (as entered
by the user) that is received by the family, if any. (If the family receives TANF income, some or
all of the child support may be retained by the state.)
- Federal EITC:
One-twelfth of the annual amount; $0 if the family is not eligible for the EITC
- TANF benefit:
Monthly amount received by the family; $0 if the family is ineligible or is
eligible but not participating
- SNAP (food stamps) benefit:
Monthly value of SNAP; $0 if the family is ineligible or if eligible
but not participating
- Monetary value of WIC benefit:
Total monthly value of WIC benefits across all people in the
family receiving the benefit; $0 if no person in the family is eligible or if eligible but not
participating
- Housing subsidy:
For subsidized households, the fair market rent of the apartment minus the
copayment; $0 if the copayment would exceed the FMR, or if the family does not choose to receive the
benefit
Amounts that may be 0, positive, or negative (either increasing or decreasing
income):
- Federal income taxes, prior to the EITC:
One-twelfth of the annual amount. (This is a negative
amount--reducing income--when the family owes taxes; it is a positive amount--increasing income--if
the family is entitled to a refundable child tax credit that exceeds tax liability.) If there are
two unmarried adults, the amount shown is the sum across the two tax units.
- State income taxes:
One-twelfth of the annual amount. (This is a negative amount--reducing
income--when the family owes taxes; it is a positive amount--increasing income--if the family is
entitled to a refundable credit that exceeds tax liability.) If there are two unmarried adults, the
amount shown is the sum across the two tax units.
Amounts that are either 0 or negative (decreasing income):
- Payroll taxes:
The employee's portion of payroll taxes for Old Age, Survivors and Disability
Insurance and Health Insurance-in other words, Social Security and Medicare taxes. If there are two
adults and both have earnings, the amount shown is the sum across the two workers.
- Child care expenses:
The total monthly child care expenses paid out-of-pocket by the family. If
the family receives CCDF-funded subsidies, this is the family's copayment plus any amount by
which the total cost exceeds the maximum reimbursable amount established by the state. If the family
does not receive subsidized child care, this will be the total value of the child care entered by
the user.
Note that NICC's net income concept treats child care expenses and housing expenses differently.
Because NICC assumes that housing expenses are unrelated to the earnings changes being tested, neither
subsidized nor unsubsidized housing expenses are subtracted from income; instead, the value of a housing
subsidy is added to income. However, child care expenses are subtracted from income. This ensures that
when a parent increases her hours of work in a way that requires additional child care (or goes from not
working at all to working) the user can capture the potential impact of the increased need for child
care on family income, regardless of whether or not the family receives subsidized child care. Note that
child care expenses will be $0 both when a family is not using child care and when a family is using
CCDF-subsidized child care and is not required to pay any copayment.
Endnotes:
1. More information about who claims the children:
Except in certain cases involving divorced or separated parents, federal law requires the
same person to claim children for all purposes; one person may not claim the children as dependents
while another person claims them for the EITC. A non-relative (such as a cohabiting non-parent partner)
could legally claim his partner's child as a dependent under some circumstances, but could not claim
the child for EITC purposes. NICC makes the simplifying assumption that a non-parent partner never
claims the children for tax purposes. In the case of two unmarried parents who live together with their
children, NICC allows the user to test the impact of either parent claiming the children; the tax
results will differ depending on the parents' earnings. Note that whichever unmarried parent does
not claim the children for tax purposes is prohibited from taking the childless EITC.
2. Assumptions concerning the length of time that a family has already received
TANF
In general, we assume that the family has already received TANF for the either the number
of months that the family has combined work and TANF (as entered by the user), or 2 prior months,
whichever is longer. (Hawaii provides higher benefits in the first two months that a family receives
TANF; NICC uses the lower benefits that are provided in the third and following months.)
If the user indicates that the family has combined work and TANF for a relatively long
period, there is a small potential for inconsistency between the data entered by the user and the
assumptions that no children are subject to a family cap and no units are affected by a time limit.
Concerning family caps, if the user indicates that the family has combined work and TANF
for close to 2 years and the family includes an infant, that infant must have been born more than 10
months after the TANF case opened. In the 17 states with a family cap policy, that infant would be
affected by a family cap; however, that would not be captured by this version of NICC.
Concerning time limits, three states permanently or temporarily stop or reduce TANF
benefits after a period shorter than 2 years. Specifically, Arizona's limit is 12 months,
Connecticut imposes a lifetime limit of 21 months (unless recipients receive an extension), and Texas
excludes the adults considered the most work-ready from the TANF unit for 5 years after 12 months of
TANF receipt. NICC does not currently capture these rules; even if the user indicates that the family
has already combined TANF and earnings for 23 months, NICC's results for these states will not
reflect the state time limits.
3. More information on SNAP benefits for Able Bodied Adults without Dependents
(ABAWDs)
A childless adult who works fewer than 20 hours per week, with total earnings less than
what would be earned by working 30 hours per week at the minimum wage, may be limited to 3 months of
SNAP benefits within a 3 year period. However, areas with high unemployment are exempt. As of the third
quarter of 2016, 9 states had statewide waivers, 27 had waivers in some portion of the state, and 15
states had no ABAWD time limit waivers. See Food and Nutrition Service (2016) for more information.
4. More information on federal and state income tax computation.
NICC generally computes federal and state income tax liabilities and tax credits using
mathematical formulas, rather than using the "tax tables" used by most taxpayers. Although the tax
tables are based on the formulas, in some cases the results produced by the formulas differ from the
values shown in a tax table by a very small amount.
5. Cost of child care above the maximum reimbursement rate
The total cost of child care entered by the user could exceed the maximum rate if the
family uses additional arrangements other than the subsidized arrangement; or if the family has chosen a
provider whose full charge exceeds the maximum rate. See Minton, Blatt, Tran, Stevens, and Giannarelli,
2017, for (1) data on which states sometimes or always require parents to pay the difference when the
provider's cost for an arrangement that exceeds the maximum rate, and (2) states' maximum
reimbursement rates as of October 2016. (If a state uses different maximum rates for different "tiers"
of providers, NICC's calculations use the maximum rates for the highest tier.)
References:
Bakija, Jon, 2013. "Documentation for a Comprehensive Historical U.S. Federal and
State Income Tax Calculator Program" November 11.
Brooks, Tricia, Sean Miskell, Samantha Artiga, Elizabeth Cornachione, and Alexandra Gates,
"Medicaid and CHIP Eligibility, Enrollment, Renewal, and Cost-Sharing Policies as of January 2016:
Findings from a 50-State Survey." The Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, January
2016
Brooks, Tricia, Lauren Roygardner, and Samantha Artiga, "Medicaid and CHIP Eligibility,
Enrollment, and Cost-Sharing Policies as of January 2019: Findings from a 50-State Survey." Henry J.
Kaiser Family Foundation, March 2019.
Food and Nutrition Service. 2017. "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, State
Options Report, Thirteenth Edition, August 2017". https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/snap/13-State_Options-revised.pdf
Food and Nutrition Service. May 31, 2016. "Status of State Able Bodied Adult Without
Dependents (ABAWD) Time Limit Waivers Fiscal Year 2016 3rd Quarter". https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/snap/fy-2016-quarter-3-abawd-waiver-status.pdf
Giannarelli, Linda, Christine Heffernan, Sarah Minton, Megan Thompson, and Kathryn Stevens.
"Welfare Rules Databook: State TANF Policies as of July 2016". December 2017. https://www.urban.org/research/publication/welfare-rules-databook-state-tanf-policies-july-2016
Minton, Sarah, Lorraine Blatt, Victoria Tran, Kathryn Stevens, and Linda Giannarelli.
December 2017. "The CCDF Policies Database Book of Tables: Key Cross-State Variations in CCDF
Policies as of October 1, 2016". https://ccdf.urban.org/sites/default/files/CCDF%20Policies%20Database%202016%20Book%20of%20Tables%20%28final%2012%2005%2017%29.pdf
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